Which Navy Was the Last to Use Battleships for Combat Operations Before They Were Retired?

When discussing the last battleship to be used in combat operations, one of the most significant examples is that of the United States Navy. The Iowa-class battleships, specifically the USS Wisconsin and the USS Missouri, played crucial roles during the late 20th century. These ships exemplified the residual capabilities and strategic value of battleships in the post-WWII era.

Japan's Naval Strategy and Battleships

Japan's naval strategy shifted significantly during World War II. At the Battle of Midway in June 1942, the main body of the Japanese Navy consisted of battleships, which were kept safely behind the carrier force. However, by the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, the Japanese focused their operations around carrier-based aircraft, reflecting a strategic shift towards air strength. In response to heavy losses, Japan returned to a battleship-led force during the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944. This battle, while significant, may have been the last instance where battleships were considered the primary combat vessels in any navy.

Decline of Battleships in Other Navies

While the United States Navy stopped work on the last two Iowa-class battleships and canceled the Montana class in 1942/43, favoring carrier task forces, the Royal Navy completed one last battleship but had already scaled back the design to use existing components rather than building new Lion class ships. This exemplifies a broader trend among navies towards aircraft carriers, which offered greater flexibility and strategic advantages.

The USS Wisconsin: Final Active Battleship in Combat

The USS Wisconsin stands out as a notable example of an active battleship in combat. It served alongside the USS Missouri during Operation Desert Storm in 1990-91, launching Tomahawk missiles at Iraqi gunboats. While Missouri left the theater a few days before Wisconsin, the latter is considered the last ship that met the qualifications for a battleship in combat duty. According to historical accounts, Wisconsin sailed home from the Gulf slightly after Missouri in 1991.

Continued Relevance of Battleships

Even though the role of battleships diminished, several battleships continued to play symbolic and strategic roles. For instance, USS New Jersey, commissioned in 1943 and decommissioned in 1991, served in the Gulf War and later became a museum ship. Another notable ship is the HMS Victory of the Royal Navy, a 104-gun ship of the line commissioned in 1765 and still in service as the flagship of Her Majesty's Naval Forces in Portsmouth, England.

Conclusion

In summary, while the United States Navy's USS Wisconsin was the last battleship to be used in combat operations, the role of battleships shifted significantly after World War II. This evolution in naval warfare highlights the changing nature of naval power and the strategic importance of technology and strategy adaptation in the face of new challenges.