The Nanboku-chō Period in Japanese History: Rival Imperial Courts and the Rise of the Ashikagas

It is often misunderstood that the Japanese imperial dynasty, especially during certain historical periods, has always been stable and uninterrupted. However, one period in Japanese history that interests us is the Nanboku-chō period that lasted from 1336 to 1392. This was a time when two rival imperial courts vied for control, marking a significant shift in the political dynamics of Japan. This article aims to explore how political disputes and external interference led to the establishment and eventual resolution of these rival imperial courts.

The Beginning of the Schism

The schism in the Japanese imperial lineage began with Emperor Go-Daigo, who lived in the 14th century, when he sought to restore the direct power of the emperor, overthrowing the Kamakura shogunate. Emperor Go-Daigo's efforts were initially supported by Ashikaga Takauji, a key player in the early Muromachi period. However, a series of political disputes and betrayals led Takauji to turn against Go-Daigo.

Takauji's Rebellion

In 1336, Takauji, after defeating the forces of Go-Daigo, installed a rival emperor, Emperor Kōmyō, in Kyoto. This established the Northern Court, supported by the powerful Ashikaga clan. Meanwhile, Go-Daigo fled south and established the Southern Court in Yoshino, which is now part of modern Nara Prefecture.

Two Rival Courts

The Southern Court, led by Go-Daigo, claimed to be the legitimate imperial line. They continued the struggle against the Northern Court, insisting on the direct rule of the emperor and their legitimacy through imperial succession. On the other hand, the Northern Court, backed by Ashikaga Takauji and the new Muromachi shogunate, was established in Kyoto with a line of emperors who held power over the capital and much of Japan.

The End of the Schism

The schism ended in 1392 with the Meitoku Compromise, when the two courts were merged. The agreement allowed the Southern Court to return to Kyoto with Emperor Go-Kameyama, who was the last ruler of the Southern Court, abdicating in favor of the Northern Court's Emperor Go-Komatsu. Despite this, the emperors from the Northern Court were recognized as the legitimate line, and the Southern Court's claims were largely ignored.

Legitimacy Controversy

Today, scholars recognize that the Southern Court held the true imperial regalia and was unquestionably more legitimate by the standards of imperial succession. However, the political power of the Ashikaga shogunate cemented the Northern Court's authority, emphasizing power, not legitimacy.

It is worth noting that the story of Kumazawa Hiromichi also provides valuable insights into the political intrigue and power struggles that characterized this period in Japanese history. Kumazawa Hiromichi played a significant role in the Ashikaga clan, highlighting the complex relationships and rivalries that shaped the political landscape of the time.

The Nanboku-chō period is a critical chapter in Japanese history, reflecting the deep-rooted power struggles and shifting dynamics of political authority. This period highlights the tension between legitimacy and power, both of which have played significant roles in shaping the course of Japanese history.