The Most Important Marshal of Napoleon Bonaparte: A Comprehensive Analysis
When discussing the most important marshal of Napoleon Bonaparte, it is crucial to consider what exactly is meant by 'greatest'. While Napoleon's marshals were warriors who executed military orders, identifying the best among them requires an understanding of their individual merits, roles, and contributions to the French Empire.
Division Commanders or Independent Generals?
Major Napoleon's marshals were primarily responsible for commanding divisions of the French army. While Davout was undoubtedly one of the greatest, his most notable victory at Auerstedt was more a testament to his courage and determination rather than exceptional tactics or strategy. Essentially, most marshals excelled as division commanders, but when given independent commands, they often fell short, illustrating that Napoleon's marshals vary in their effectiveness as independent generals.
Bernadotte: The Most Independently Minded Marshal
Of all Napoleon's marshals, Bernadotte stands out as the most independently minded. He possessed an impressive resume, having risen from a commoner to an officer during the French Revolution. By the end of the republic, he was one of the most powerful men in France and excelled at everything he did. His men, superiors, even his enemies admired him. For his efforts in occupying Denmark, he earned the highest medal from the Danish government, a testament to his admirable treatment of the country.
Napoleon oscillated between trying to win over Bernadotte and attempting to exile him. However, his eventual role as the King of Sweden speaks volumes about his popularity and diplomatic skills. He orchestrated the plan that ultimately led to Napoleon's defeat in the War of the Sixth Coalition, decisively outmaneuvering his former comrades Oudinot and Ney in two battles. At the great Battle of Leipzig, Bernadotte's former Saxon troops immediately defected to join his forces, ultimately delivering the final blow that ended the French Empire.
A Well-Rounded General
Though Bernadotte was rarely granted independent command, he was arguably the only marshal with true talent and ability. Napoleon himself acknowledged that Bernadotte had the greatest combination of popularity, administrative, and military skills among his generals. Originally, Napoleon intended to place him on the Spanish throne, although Bernadotte continually refused. From Napoleon's early years, Bernadotte was the leading candidate to succeed him due to his perceived ability to maintain the empire successfully.
Interestingly, had Bernadotte been the King of Spain, he likely would have been the only one capable of winning the Peninsular War. Not only would he have achieved military victories, but he would also have won the hearts of the Spanish people, a critical factor in ensuring the conflict's permanent resolution.
In conclusion, while Napoleon's marshals each brought unique strengths to the table, Bernadotte truly stands out as the most independently minded and well-rounded general. His diverse abilities and popularity set him apart from his contemporaries, making him a crucial figure in the annals of the French military history.